Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) can occur anywhere in the digestive system, including the stomach, colon, small intestine, and rectum. Understanding what this rare cancer is and how it is treated is crucial for patients and their families. Below, we will provide a comprehensive overview of GIST. Read on.
Understanding GIST
GIST originates from interstitial cells of Cajal, which are special cells present in the gastrointestinal tract walls. These cells help regulate the movement of food through the digestive system. Mutations in these cells lead to the formation of tumors, which can be cancerous or non-cancerous.
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms of GIST can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common signs and symptoms include:
Abdominal Pain or Discomfort
Nausea and Vomiting
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Feeling Full Quickly After Eating
Fatigue and Weakness
Anemia
Note that some GISTs may not cause any symptoms and are incidentally discovered during routine medical examinations.
Diagnosis
Various tests may be conducted to diagnose GIST, including:
Endoscopy:
The gastrointestinal tract is examined using a flexible tube with a camera to collect tissue samples for analysis.
Biopsy:
To confirm the existence of GIST, a sample of the tumor is analyzed under a microscope.
Imaging Tests:
CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are helpful in determining the size, location, and spread of the tumor.
Treatment Options
The treatment of GIST often involves a multidisciplinary approach, considering factors like tumor size, location, stage, and the patient’s overall health. Treatment options may include:
Surgery:
The primary treatment for GIST is usually surgical removal of the tumor. This can involve removing the tumor and a portion of the gastrointestinal tract or, in some cases, complete removal of the organ affected by the tumor.
Targeted Therapy:
GISTs often have specific mutations in a gene called KIT, making them sensitive to certain drugs that target this gene, such as imatinib (Gleevec). Other targeted therapies, such as sunitinib (Sutent) and regorafenib (Stivarga), may be used if the tumor becomes resistant to imatinib.
Radiation Therapy:
In certain cases, radiation therapy can alleviate symptoms in the advanced stages of the disease or shrink tumors before surgery.
Clinical Trials:
Patients can participate in trials investigating new treatments and therapies for GIST.