Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a complex cancer affecting plasma cells in the bone marrow. Individuals diagnosed with myeloma should be aware of the various treatment options available. Below, we will explore different treatment modalities used in the management of myeloma, helping patients and their families understand their options better.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a common treatment option for myeloma. It involves using drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of cancerous cells. Chemotherapy drugs are administered orally or through intravenous infusion. Depending on the stage and severity of the disease, combination chemotherapy, which involves using multiple drugs to increase effectiveness, may be recommended. Chemotherapy can help control myeloma and improve symptoms, but it may also have side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and decreased blood cell counts.
Targeted Therapy
This type of treatment targets cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells. In the case of myeloma, targeted therapy drugs block the action of specific proteins or genetic mutations responsible for the growth and survival of cancer cells. Examples of targeted therapy drugs commonly used to treat myeloma include proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies.
Stem Cell Transplantation
Stem cell transplantation involves replacing damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells. High-dose chemotherapy, which aims to eradicate cancerous cells, is usually administered before the transplant. The patient’s own stem cells, collected prior to chemotherapy, or stem cells from a donor, can be used. Stem cell transplantation allows higher doses of chemotherapy to be administered, giving a chance for remission. However, this procedure carries risks, including infections and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), when donor stem cells are used.
Radiation Therapy
This type of therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to kill cancer cells. It is typically employed in specific cases of myeloma where localized areas need to be targeted, such as bone lesions causing pain or compression of the spinal cord. Radiation therapy can help relieve pain, control tumor growth, and reduce the risk of fractures. Skin redness, fatigue, and temporary hair loss are some side effects of radiation therapy.
Supportive Care
Supportive care is an essential aspect of myeloma treatment. It aims to manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and address patients’ physical, emotional, and practical needs. Supportive care measures may include pain management, blood transfusions to address anemia, medications to prevent infections, and physical therapy to maintain mobility. Palliative care, provided by a multidisciplinary team, focuses on addressing the physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of care for individuals with advanced-stage myeloma.